Bismillah. Received yesterday from Dr. Sabbir Rahman. Edited slightly.
—
Assalamu `alaikum,
Please find attached a (slightly tongue in cheek) article I have submitted to
sci.physics.relativity newsgroup. I hope you find it interesting, particularly
the comments regarding the “seven heavens”.
Wassalam,
Sabbir.
———————————————————-
My distinguished Physics chums,
It is time that you were told a little secret: This is how the universe *really*
works – so listen very carefully!
As some of you will know, Thanu Padmanabhan has recently shown that the
Einstein field equations are a direct consequence of the thermodynamic
equations of state for a spacetime with microstructure, and that this holds
irrespective of the specific nature of the microstructure degrees of freedom.
This is an extraordinarily powerful and important result.
Hagen Kleinert has also independently proposed a very specific model for the
microstructure of spacetime as a “floppy” world crystal with defects, where the
defect interactions also give rise to the Einstein field equations. This is a
specific case of Padmanabhan’s general result and one that also happens to be
very appealing. If this picture is correct, then the floppy geometry of the
world crystal can be identified with the metric of spacetime.
Let us suppose initially that there is a single spacetime sheet containing
many defects randomly distributed throughout. Now the defects, which act as
tiny elements of curvature (i.e. small elements of mass), will interact with
each other (without loss of generality, let us assume initially that the
defects are mutually attractive, i.e have positive mass**), and inhomogeneities
in the defect density will become magnified, resulting eventually in localised
regions of high curvature which will eventually evolve to become rotating (i.e
Kerr) black holes with a ring singularity* that rotates at the speed of light.
[*Note that once the singularity has formed, it becomes topologically separated
from the rest of the universe, and these rotating black holes are therefore
stable, neither increasing or decreasing in mass, except possibly via
interaction with other black holes]
[**I will explain below the reason for there being an excess of matter over
antimatter a bit later on when I discuss ultra-large scale structure].
Now, as explained by Hawking & Ellis in “The Large Scale Structure of
Spacetime”, Kerr black holes are actually double-sheeted objects – any lump of
matter (or in this case, defect) “falling” through the centre of the annular
singularity will emerge in another spacetime sheet which is time- and
mass-reversed relative to the original sheet. What this means is that while
these “primordial” black holes will have net positive mass due to the mass
associated with the ring singularity, the fact that vast quantities of matter
elements will be falling through the ring with positive mass and emerging on
the other side in the second spacetime sheet with an apparently negative mass*
means that these mini black holes will also have a strong gravitational dipole.
[*This is because positive mass/curvature particles/defects travelling
backwards in time on the second sheet interact like negative mass/curvature
antiparticles/antidefects travelling forwards in time from the perspective of
particles/defects on the first sheet]
The other important consequence of the formation of these Kerr black holes is
that the initial assumption that there is only a single spacetime sheet was
wrong. In fact spacetime must have been double-sheeted all along, and if it
helps, you can think of these as two parallel sheets (actually superimposed in
reality) with the primordial black holes being little wormholes connecting the
two sheets. Now with the formation of more and more black holes there will be a
multitude of negative mass defects spewing out onto the second sheet – these
themselves will be distributed fairly randomly throughout that sheet and will
naturally form negative mass black holes in exactly the same way – this time
negative mass defects will fall through these black holes and re-emerge as
positive mass defects on the first sheet. Obviously, the regions where the
negative mass black holes are formed will be physically separated from the
regions of positive mass concentration due to their mutual repulsion.
[*Note that there are topological constraints which require that positive and
negative mass black holes be formed in pairs. Note also that Trayling & Baylis
have shown that the standard model gauge group emerges naturally from an
8-dimensional spacetime]
Thus, with time, many such primordial black holes will form – some with
positive mass, and others with negative mass – but all with strong
gravitational dipoles. Furthermore, as explained by Arcos & Pereira and others,
these rotating black holes are spinorial, and the fact that they fill spacetime
strongly suggest that they are none other than neutrinos and antineutrinos. So,
the vacuum of our universe is, according to this picture, a strongly
gravitationally polarisable fluid of neutrinos and antineutrinos – and as
explained by Luc Blanchet, this polarisability is sufficient to explain the
modified Newtonian dynamics observed in the anomalous rotation of the spiral
arms of galaxies.
Anyway let us continue with our little tale at the microscopic level …
Just as the positive mass defects will naturally tend to clump together in
spatially separated regions from the negative mass defects, so will the
positive mass neutrinos tend to clump together in regions spatially separated
from the negative mass neutrinos. And just as the defect concentration
eventually became high enough to form black holes, so too will eventually the
neutrino and antineutrino concentrations become high enough to form even more
massive rotating black holes. Once again, once the ring singularities at the
centre of these higher mass rotating black holes have formed, they are quite
stable. It turns out in this case that the flow of neutrinos and antineutrinos
towards the singularities makes these latter black holes look like charges. Due
to an unfortunate (but forgivable) choice of sign convention for charge, it
turns out that the neutrinos gravitationally collapse to form electrons with
negative charge (it would probably have been better to associate matter with
positive charge), and antineutrinos to collapse to form positrons with negative
charge. Note however that neutrinos(antineutrinos) falling through the ring
singularity at the centre of the electron(positron) from the first sheet
re-emerge as antineutrinos(neutrinos) in the second sheet. Because of
antineutrinos(neutrinos) falling through the electrons'(positrons’) ring
singularity from the second sheet*, electrons(positrons) can appear to either
be absorbing or ejecting neutrinos(antineutrinos). As shown by Rahman (that’s
me!) it turns out that the apparent charge of the electron/positron depends
only on whether the particles have positive or negative mass (i.e. whether they
are matter or antimatter) and not on whether they are being absorbed or
ejected.
Now Rahman (that’s me!) has also shown that ripples in the spacetime
neutrino/antineutrino fluid look just like (i.e they *are*) electromagnetic
waves. Also, because electrons are continuosly spewing out positive mass
particles (i.e. neutrinos), they will repel other electrons through simple
momentum transfer, and with the usual inverse square law decay with distance.
Similarly, they will attract positrons because if you throw a particle with
positive momentum at an object with negative mass, it will acquire a negative
velocity and be attracted towards you. Needless to say, all of the standard
laws and equations of electrodynamics follow naturally from this picture. In
fact, the picture is particularly nice – when a source electron(positron)
throws out a neutrino(antineutrino) and it falls through the ring singularity
of the target electron or neutrino, it travels backwards in time (i.e. looks
like an antineutrino(neutrino) going forwards in time) and returns to the
source electron(positron). So the interaction of charged particles looks like
the ejection of a neutrino-antineutrino pair from the source charge followed by
the absorption of the pair of particles by the target charge. Because of the
strong gravitational dipole associated with the neutrino and antineutrino
(which in fact drowns out their opposing mass), they will actually align
themselves accordingly, and dance a helical dance around each other as they
travel from source to target. Thus, photons turn out to be standing waves in
time of twisted neutrino-antineutrinos pairs (actually a single neutrino going
round a closed-timelike curve), with their polarisation determined and
frequency determined by their helical dance.
[A number of researchers (including Arcos & Pereira mentioned above) have
already attempted to model the electron as charged, rotating, Kerr-Newman black
holes, assuming that charge is an independent, intrinsic property of the
electron, noting in particular that these solutions have the correct
gyromagnetic ratio for an electron. However this view is incorrect in light of
the above analysis – in fact the motion of the infalling/ejected neutrinos and
antineutrinos is sufficient to explain the apparent charge, which is emergent
rather than intrinsic, and the uncharged fast Kerr solution, rather than the
Kerr-Newman solution, is sufficient to describe them].
The matter-antimatter symmetric universe I describe above is essentially the
same as the one recently proposed by Gabriel Chardin & Aurelien Benoit-Levy.
Let us now digress briefly onto the subject of the origins of quantum theory.
The abundance of Kerr black holes and the accompanying closed timelike curves
(which are exploited heavily by charged particles interacting with each other
via exchange of neutrinos) also explains why the world happens to be quantum
mechanical. Particles passing through the ring singularity are effectively
taking part in a time-reversing scattering process, and can therefore travel
both into the past and the future. Because the universe is filled with such
black holes, every particle in the universe is essentially aware of every other
particle both in its past and future (and indeed spacelike separated), and this
explains why the quantum mechanical wavefunction seems somehow to be
“omniscient” of sorts. The ability of each particles to communicate with
entirety of the rest of the universe does not however give rise to any
inconsistencies. The apparent consistencies are merely due to the fact that we,
as humans, are constrained to live within the universe and can only observe it
according to our own forward-pointing arrow of time.
To understand this, consider a toy model universe consisting of a very large
close loop of wool which is tossed into the air, and then lands on the floor in
a large tangled mess. A direction of time is then assigned, and one-dimensional
slices across the woolly configuration will correspond to spatial time slices.
Even in this example we can observe a “big bang” of sorts (actually with no
particles) with multiple spontaneous particle pair creations (and
annihilations), with an expanding universe, all followed by a big crunch at the
end of time. One can easily add interactions (and even free will to observers
travelling along the positive time direction along the wool) without
drastically changing the underlying picture. The point is, the space of all
possible universes corresponds to the space of all possible final
configurations of the tangled woolly mess on the floor. Only one set of events
(i.e one universe) actually occurs out of the space of all possible events
(universes).
As observers passing along our own worldlines (i.e. our own piece of wool) in
the forward time direction, we are able to extract rules from our past
experience of how our universe seems to work, and this allows us to build up a
probabilistic view as to what might happen in the future. Of course, as the
chap who threw the string up in the air in the first place already knows, the
future is already set in stone (or carpet) as it were, and so what actually is
measured is already known to him, if not to us. Our past acts as a constraint –
even though particles we know that particles can apparently move backwards and
forwards in time (just as the piece of wool rotates all over the place and
backwards and forwards in time), they cannot change the past that has already
been observed by us (or indeed the future that is known only to the Great
Thrower of the Woolly String). Basically, the Novikov self-consistency
conditions apply, mainly because that everything that will happen, has in
reality already happened according to any observer that transcends spacetime.
It should now be clear that quantum theory is a direct consequence of classical
gravity and *not* the other way around – and in particular the world is quantum
mechanical because of the closed timelike curves that arise from the existence
of Kerr black holes which give rise to time reversing scattering processes.
Rather amusingly, everyone who is busily engaged in trying to find a quantum
theory of gravity, and yes, that includes you(!), has gotten it all the wrong
way around! (Oh dear, how terribly embarrassing!)
By the way, our description of quantum electrodynamics is effectively the sames
as the action-at-a-distance picture of Hoyle & Narlikar, based upon the
absorber theory of Wheeler and Feynman, and the response of the universe needs
to be taken in to account. The exchange of neutrinos and antineutrinos
backwards and forwards in time are just the advanced and retarded waves of John
Cramer’s “transactional” interpretation of quantum mechanics (which, as a
corollary is the correct interpretation of quantum mechanics, so I would
suggest that you simply drop the Copenhagen or “many worlds” interpretations as
they are incorrect, and with the benefit of hindsight, a little embarrassing).
This ends our little digression into the origins and interpretation of quantum
theory.
The above picture of the electron with its spinning ring singularity (indeed
spinning at the speed of light) is strongly supported by David Hestenes’
inspired analysis of the Dirac equation in the language of geometrical algebra.
However, he came across an additional troublesome rotational parameter for
which he could not find an interpretation. The reason for this extra term can
be understood when one realises that not all the neutrinos travelling through
the ring singularity escape – rather many of them are trapped around the
electron’s ring singularity in a bounded closed orbit. In fact, because of the
spinorial Kerr structure, each neutrino has to wrap around the electron twice
(once rotation with its clock going forwards, and one rotation with its clock
going backwards) before returning to its original state with no net time having
elapsed for it! It is this winding of these bounded neutrinos about the
electron’s ring singularity that gives rise to the additional angular term in
Hestenes’ analysis, and what he assumes is the helical motion of the electron
itself, is actually the helical motion of the bounded neutrinos helplessly
wrapped around them.
But this is not the end of Hestenes’ genius, as he was able to go one huge step
further, and extend the same analysis of the Dirac equation to derive
electroweak theory (see his paper entitled “Gauge Gravity and Electroweak
Theory”).
But quarks are still conspicuously missing from the above picture. How can our
picture of the universe be complete without the quarks? Well, once again the
neutrinos come to the rescue. The electrons are just ground state black holes
where neutrinos wrap around the Kerr singularity just twice in two rotations.
Unlike electrons that live happily in a double-sheeted spacetime, quarks
naturally live in a triple-sheeted spacetime (each sheet corresponding to one
of the three quark “colours” red, green and blue) and as such cannot exist in
an isolated state but only in colour singlets as quark-antiquark pairs or
quark triplets.
At the next excited state, the neutrinos would have to wrap around the
singularity in such a way that it falls through the ring every two-thirds of a
revolution (i.e. every 240 degrees), so that it has to perform four revolutions
before returning to its original state. This excited state corresponds to the
up quark and it is this 120 degree defect angle that gives the up quark its
apparent 2/3 charge. Similarly, the down quark corresponds to a state in which
the neutrino wraps around the ring singularity once every 120 degrees (it has
to perform two rotations before returning to its initial state), and the 240
degree defect angle gives rise to the apparent 1/3 charge of the down quark.
There is energy associated with the winding of the neutrinos around the
singularities, and the fact that the neutrinos have to wrap around the
singularity twice as quickly in the down quark as in the up quark is why the
down quark has around twice the mass of the up quark. [The existence of such
excited “clover leaf” type orbits around Kerr black holes has already been
hinted at in the recent paper by Grossman, Levin and Perez-Giz]. I expect that
there is a connection between this picture of the fundamental particles and the
braid picture of Bilson-Thompson et al. and this is certainly worth
investigating. On the other hand, I still do not know for sure where the three
fermion families come from and this remains an open problem.
** Now, coming back to the (ultra)large-scale structure of spacetime, I wanted
to explain why there appears to be more matter than antimatter in the universe.
It needs to be understood that there was no Big Bang. Not even a small one.
This may also turn out to be a great source of embarrassment for those who have
dedicated a large chunk of their life towards trying to understanding what
happened in the first few moments after it took place (which it didn’t). The
whole Big Bang idea was a stupid one right from the start.
Anyway, this is what really happened. The universe was this vast ocean (i.e. a
spacetime filled with defects giving rise to primordial neutrinos etc etc) –
actually it was two oceans – a double-sheeted ocean of you like. In fact, let
me put it like this:
1. In the beginning, God created the heaven (first spacetime sheet) and the
earth (second sheet)
2. And the earth was without form, and void, and darkness was upon the face of
the deep (there were initially no defects in the microscopic
structure). And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters (defects
and anti-defects are introduced, and the resulting fluid is
set in motion).
3. And God said, Let there be Light (matter): and there was light.
4. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the
darkness (matter-antimatter repulsion)
5. And God called light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening
and the morning were the first day. (an excellent day’s work!)
6. And God said, Let there be a firmament (ring singularity) in the midst of
the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. (neutrino formation)
7. And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the
firmanent, from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so (the
singularity separates each heaven from the one below – see below)
8. And God called the firmament [a] Heaven. And the evening and the morning were
the second day. (another great day’s work!)
9. And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one
place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. (formation of electrons and
other elementary particles)
10. And God called the dry land Earth: and the gathering together of the waters
called He Seas: and God saw that it was good. (and the rest, of course, is
history…)
Now while this is something of a curiosity, the real point I want to make is
that when those first primordial rotating black holes were formed, the matter
in each ring singularity (and there was a lot of it!) became trapped and
topologically disconnected from the rest of the universe – indeed it became an
independent separated closed “sub-universe” (if you like) in its own right,
with the geometry of the Kerr ring singularity (described nicely by Arcos &
Pereira). Now, what is considered matter and what is considered antimatter is
of course a matter purely of convention (no pun intended), but anyway, let’s
just say that this was a positive mass (i.e. matter) black hole – then most of
the stuff which became trapped in the singularity will naturally consistent of
matter (i.e. defects, rather than anti-defects), and so the sub-universe will
naturally consist of an excess of matter over antimatter. Of course this
universe will also contain defects, as well as neutrinos etc, and these will
also form rotating black holes, which themselves will have sub-universes
trapped in their own little sub-universes – and in this way, a hierarchy of
universes will be formed, one inside another. In fact, we are told in the
Qur’an that there is a hierarchy of seven such “heavens” (see also for example
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Heavens ):
“Blessed is He in Whose Hand is the dominion; and He is able to do all things.
Who has created death and life that He may test you which of you is best in
deed. And He is the Almighty, the Oft-Forgiving; Who has created the seven
heavens one above another; you can see no fault in the creation of the Most
Gracious.” [Qur’an 67:1-3]
“It is He Who hath created for you all things that are on earth; Moreover His
design comprehended the heavens, for He gave order and perfection to the seven
firmaments; and of all things He hath perfect knowledge.” [Qur’an, 2:29]
“So He completed them as seven firmaments in two Days, and He assigned to each
heaven its duty and command. And He adorned the lower heaven with lights, and
(provided it) with guard. Such is the Decree of (Him) the Exalted in Might,
Full of Knowledge.” [Qur’an, 41:12]
The ring structure of each sub-universe is also indicated explicitly in the
hadith literature. Indeed in his sayings and traditions, the Prophet Muhammad
(pbuh) described the size of the heavens; the first heaven, as compared to the
second, is similar to a small _ring_ in the desert, and he continued this
narrative until he described the sixth heaven as being the size of a ring in
the desert compared to the seventh heaven. Also, the Prophet (pbuh) said, “The
seven heavens are in relation to the Kursiyy [Footstool or Minor Throne] like a
ring thrown into a waterless desert. And the superiority of the `Arsh [(Major)
Throne] over the Kursiyy is like the superiority of the desert over that ring.”
***
One of the main things to look out for in the near future are the results of
the AEGIS experiment – does antimatter have have negative gravitational mass as
predicted above?
Um … I hope I haven’t missed out anything here that I wanted to say.
Best wishes,
Sabbir.
UNITY 